Month: July 2013

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Thymosin (also known as tb500) is a code for a synthesized protein TMSB4X that is encoded in the human gene code. This protein is made up of 43 amino acids that help to encode actin sequestering proteins that play a role in cell differentiation, proliferation and migration. The natural form of this protein escapes X inactivation which means it has a homolog on the Y chromosome.

A number of past and present clinical trials have worked to determine the functions of thymosin, to better understand how synthesized versions of this chemical could be used in future research or medical applications. Some research has indicated that applying thymosin after a heart attack could help the body reactivate the cardiac progenitor cells which would help to repair the heart tissue that had been damaged.

However, the potential side effects or risks of applying thymosin to human test subjects are still being researched.

Roles of Thymosin in a Natural Setting

Research hopes to mimic the effects of thymosin beta 4 so it will mimic the effects of the natural protein that is found in humans.

• Research has determined that applying thymosin beta 4 to animal test subjects promotes the formation of blood vessels, migration of cells, survival of certain cells, maturation of stem cells, and lowering the animal’s bodily production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• Trials are focusing on finding uses for thymosin beta 4 that take advantage of these properties. Investigations into applying thymosin to wounds of the cornea, skin and heart are ongoing with animal test subjects.

• Test subjects with male animals have noted that thymosin beta 4 can be detected in the urine, which may help researchers determine the presence and aggressiveness of a prostate tumor.

Research in Glasgow found that applying thymosin beta 4 with sulfoxide increased the peptide’s ability to act as an anti-inflammatory agent in animal tissue. This has been found to lower the symptoms of a bacterial infection and the adhesion of these ‘bacterial to endothelial’ cells.

Biological Activities of Thymosin Beta 4

Repeat proteins of thymosin beta 4 have been found to resemble the monomeric forms that allow it to bind to actin.

• When this sequence was studied on Ciboulot fruit flies, this actin binding filament helped researchers monitor sequestration.

• Further investigations with sea slugs showed that these repeating proteins enhanced the sensory neurons in the pathway of a conditioned stimulous.

Applying the phosphorylation of Csp24, along with thymosin beta 4, was found to mimic the post-translational modifications of several proteins related to the cytoskeleton that helped to contribute to the actin-filament dynamics. This encouraged a response too in these cells which allowed for structural remodeling.

Thymosin is available online in wholesale and individually packaged vials. Applications for each of these chemical packs are designed to work with a specific type of test subjects that will be exposed to this chemical. It is important to read the instructions on this kit to determine the appropriate application size, given the size of the animals being used for research.

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TB-500 is a synthesized version of Thymosin Beta 4, a peptide that naturally occurs in all animal cells. The natural version of this chemical is used by the animal’s body to improve differentiated endothelial cells so they can perform specialized functions.

This helps the body to grow new cells and dermal tissue to replace any that have aged or been damaged. Thymosin Beta 4 has also been found to play a role in decreasing inflammation, keratinocyte migration and collagen deposition.

The artificial form of this chemical; TB-500 is being investigated for its roles in regulating Actin. This is a cell building protein that helps to encourage cell movement and structure. There are thousands of similar proteins in each animal cell, but actin makes up approximately 10 percent of these proteins, making it an essential part of the genetic makeup of these cells.

Development and Research

• This structure means that the cell can bind to actin proteins, creating an actin sequestering molecule within eukaryotic cells which will block acting polymerization.

• Compared to the natural chemical, TB-500 has been up-regulated to increase the early blood vessel formation by up to 4-6 times, promoting new blood vessel growth in laboratory settings. Experiments indicate that this could have an application in wound healing or skin and muscle building.

• TB-500 encourages cytoskeleton cell migration when interacting with the actin in the cells in these areas. The specific amino chain binding in this peptide has been shown to produce additional extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes during experiments.

Specifically, TB-500 has been shown to accelerate the migration of endotheilial and keratinocyte cells to create the additional matrix-degrading enzymes necessary for these actions. The 43 amino acids used in this structure are specifically designed to interact with these tissues to trigger a repair response that is different from other similar peptides because it can easily move through the necessary tisseus.

Selecting Proper Peptide Sources

While there are similar peptides on the market, it is important to select a provider that will provide research-grade samples of TB-500.

• The patented makeup of this chemical is very specific. Only order from a certified dealer that is able to offer the specific synthetic peptide that offers the active regions of thymosin beta 4 to ensure accurate results.

Read all instructions before applying the peptide to live subjects. Because TB-500 is intended to migrate through tissue, it can often be applied anywhere on the subject, but it may be necessary to place applications in a similar area to generate repeated results.

Research has indicated that TB-500 can mimic the repair factors of thymosin beta 4 to act as an anti-inflammatory substance. This peptide may also encourage growth factors, endothelial and keratinocyte migration. This peptide has been shown to avoid sticking or binding with the extracellular matrix when applied to animal test subjects.

The peptide also has a low molecular weight which helps applications of TB-500 to travel throughout the tissues, often in longer distances than the natural thymosin beta 4.

Rest assured that you will get the best product available when you buy TB-500 from extreme peptides.

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Single Channel Automated Peptide Synthesizer:

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http://www.extremepeptides.com/product/ipamorelin-2mg/

Ipamorelin is a ghrelin mimetic with a small molecule design. These chemicals will bind to the control points for gastric motility, growth and appetite in an animal.

In a research setting, GHRPs such as ipamorelin are used to isolate naturally occurring GHS in animals. Ipamorelin is used in research settings to stimulate ghrelin, the hunger hormone that an animal’s stomach cells release.

Animal studies frequently create ghrelin infusions in an attempt to increase gastric emptying in animals that are given diabetic or idiopathic gastroparesis for the sake of study. Ipamorelin is often preferred for research settings because it has a significantly longer half-life than ghrelin and has a higher potency than similar peptides when applied in vivo.

Animals also tend to have a much higher tolerance for high applications of ipamorelin compared to similar peptides.

Development and Process

Ipamorelin was specifically designed by scientists as a potent hormone secretagogue to increase the potency and efficacy of pentapeptide exposure in vivo and in vitro.

• Profiling of this chemical demonstrates that it antagonists while releasing a ghrp-like receptor.

• Studies in rats comparing the effects of ipamorelin to similar synthetic peptides have described the efficacy and potency of this chemical to that of ghrp-6. However, studies in swine have found that ipamorelin also affects LF, FHS, THS and PRL plasma levels, which ghrp based peptides typically do not.

Also unlike ghrp peptides, ipamorelin has not been found to release ACTH or significantly affect cortisol plasma levels, even at very large applications. This makes the reactions and behavior of ipamorelin in test subjects such as rats and swine increasingly similar to ghrh.

Comparing Ipamorelin GHRP-6 and GHRP-2

These three chemicals have very similar modes of stimulating some hormones, but have very different effects on the body as a whole.

• Each chemical helps a test subject’s body release ghrelin in milligram levels.

• Ghrp-2 tends to increase hormone levels to a higher level than ghrp-6 or ipamorelin.

• In research settings, ghrp-6 has been found to increase hunger at higher levels than other peptides.

• Ghrp-2 raises cortisol, prolactin and aldosterone than ipamorelin.

Ipamorelin has not been shown to raise hunger at a significant level in test animals. Some have also found that test subjects were sensitive to aldosterone, cortisol or prolactin, which made ipamorelin a safer choice to study the reactions in animals without inadvertently causing unwarranted side effects that could alter testing results.

While imaporelin is generally more highly tolerated in large applications than other experimental peptides, there is still a great deal of research necessary to understand how this chemical interacts with natural substances. Additional factors added to an experimental setting may affect the efficacy in the animal’s body. This should be noted carefully to determine the appropriate application for your test subjects.

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