Month: April 2015

Albuterol and the Spine

There has also been scientific study on animal test subjects pertaining to Albuterol’s relationship with the spine. Specifically, these studies have honed in on the catalog chemical’s potential ability to treat a condition that is known as spinal muscular atrophy. This particular condition, which is also known as SMA, is an automsomal recessive disease that stems from a genetic defect in the gene which is vital for the survival of motor neurons. This mutation causes a decreased or total loss of function of neuronal cells within the anterior horn of the animal test subject’s spinal cord. This in turn causes the degradation of the muscular system, since the method in which muscular function can achieve a level of homeostasis is diminished. Research hypothesizes that the presence of the catalog chemical could allow for an increased proliferation of the particular protein whose secretion helps to regulate the functionality of the motor neurons.

Because of the way that Albuterol has been shown to increase production of the protein responsible for motor neuron regulation, it is thought that the catalog chemical could also be beneficial in combating the condition known as muscle wasting. This condition, which is also known as muscle atrophy, is in essence the end manifestation of spinal muscular atrophy; that is, it is defined by the loss of muscle mass throughout the body. It is a condition that, when in full effect, could be marked by the partial or total wasting away of a muscle. It is thought that albuterol’s ability to potentially prevent the process of spinal muscular atrophy from occurring could stem the tide of overall muscle wasting from occurring within an animal test subject’s body.

Albuterol and Cystic Fibrosis

Since there has been a host of scientific studies on animal test subjects regarding Albuterol’s ability to regulate breathing and its use as a breathing aid, further scientific study has turned to the catalog chemical’s association with the disease known as cystic fibrosis. This particular condition, which is also known as mucovisidosis, is an autosomal recessive disorder that has been shown to negatively affect the lungs along with the following organs:

• The pancreas
• The liver
• The kidneys
• The intestines

The disease itself is caused by a mutation in both copies of the gene pertaining to the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). It manifests itself within the body via various conditions that are related to breath-related issues, such as difficulty breathing or respiratory infections that lead to coughing up excessive amounts of sputum. Other non-respiratory conditions have also been linked to the disease, including clubbing of digits, poor growth, fatty stool, and infertility. Ultimately, the disease truncates the lifespan of the subject with the disease, mostly due to lung problems.

It is thought that Albuterol’s ability to promote a higher level of breathing-related homeostasis within the animal test subject could enable it to be an effective tool to help circumvent some of issues that are caused by cystic fibrosis.  This in turn could allow the animal test subject become closer to achieving a sense of normalcy when it comes to the overall breathing process.

Albuterol and CMS

Additionally, it is also been determined via scientific study on animal test subjects that the catalog chemical could also be used to combat various subtypes of congenital myasehtenic syndromes. These conditions, collectively abbreviated as CMS, are inherited neuromuscular disorders that are created due to various defects at the neuromuscular junction, particularly those related to the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Dok-7. These conditions can manifest itself in various ways, such as droopy eyelids, weakness of the eye, mouth, and throat weakness, and developmental motor delays. It is thought that the presence of the catalog chemical can help to quell the effect of the mutated proteins within the animal test subject, thus allowing a more regulated and consistent neuromuscular process.

Side Effects of Albuterol

While scientific studies based on animal test subjects have determined that Albuterol can be theoretically linked to various benefits relating to muscle and breathing regulation, studies have also determined that the catalog chemical could be linked to various side effects. The most common side effects are generally considered mild in nature and include anxiety, headache, fine tremor, dry mouth, muscle cramps and palpitations. Other symptoms may include disruptions of sleep, disruptions of behavior, arrhythmia, tachycardia, or flushing.  The catalog chemical has also been linked to other uncommon side effects such as paradoxical bronchospasm, angioedema, hypotension, and urticaria, although it should be noted that these particular negative side effects rarely occur.

Click here to read Albuterol Part 1

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The catalog chemical Albuterol, also known as Salbutamol, is classified as a short-activing Beta 2adregenic agonist.  It has a molecular formula of C₁₃H₂₁NO_3, and it has a molecular mass of 239.311.

The Functionality Behind Albuterol

According to scientific study that has been conducted on animal test subjects, the primary means of Albuterol’s function is to work with the cell membrane’s beta-adernergic receptors.  The result of this interaction in essence causes the smooth muscles that are responsible for shepherding fine control and gradual responses to relax.  By means of this process, this enables the presence of the catalog chemical to play a role in executing various bodily reactions within animal test subjects that are linked to smooth muscle relaxation.  This would include reactions such as the widening of blood vessels within the liver and muscle, the release of insulin, the dilation of bronchial passages, and the relaxation of the uterine muscle in female animal test subjects.

In a nutshell, scientific study based on animal test subjects have determined that Albuterol works in this manner because it influences the lowering of intracellular calcium and myosin light chain kinase activity.  At the same time, it influences a boost in membrane potassium conductance.  These processes collectively work to trigger the relaxation of smooth muscles, particularly muscles that are linked to the process of breathing.  Ultimately, this allows for the process of bronchodilation, or an increased capacity for bronchial tubes, to occur.  This in turn allows the animal test subject to experience a more efficient means of achieving breathing-related homeostasis.

Albuterol and Breathing

Because of the way in which Albuterol works to regulate the breathing function, scientific study based on animal test subjects have determined several theoretical links between the presence of the catalog chemical and treatment of various breathing related issues.  Some of these conditions include:

• Bronchospasm – This condition is demonstrated by a sudden constriction of the muscles within bronchial walls. This immediate constriction is brought about by the release of certain substances from cells due to the presence of anaphylatoxins.  It is thought that the presence of the catalog chemical could enable neutralize the effects of this condition because it causes a more efficient means of airflow to occur.

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – This condition, which is progressive in nature, is brought about by routinely poor airflow to the lung due to certain inflammatory responses. The result of this inflammation could range from shortness of breath to coughing.  It is theorized that the presence of Albuterol could lower the instances of inflammatory reactions.

• Cystic Fibrosis – This progressive and, eventually, fatal condition is a genetic disorder whose presence causes various lung-related issues, including difficulty breathing. It is hypothesized that Albuterol’s functionality could slow down the onslaught of some of the breathing difficulties.

Albuterol and Obstetrics

Because of the way in which Albuterol works in conjunction with relaxing smooth muscle, scientific study based on animal test subjects has also determined that the presence of the catalog chemical could be instrumental in the treatment of certain obstetric-related issues.  The primary theory behind this correlation has to do with the concept of premature labor.  It is thought that because Albuterol ‘s functionality causes a relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in female animal test subjects, it could potentially be used to delay the onset of premature labor.  Ultimately, the presence of the catalog chemical could theoretically result in an offspring experiencing an increased presence in the animal test subject’s womb, which could in turn lead to an increased chance of entering the world in a healthy state.

Other Theoretic Uses for Albuterol

Scientific study based on animal test subjects have helped determine that Albuterol’s functionality could potentially be instrumental in treating other conditions.  For instance, it has been determined that the catalog chemical could be used to treat the condition of hyperklaemia through its ability to lower the potassium in the blood.  It could also be theoretically used to treat spinal muscular atrophy; a condition that is marked by muscle weakness and muscle wasting.

Click here to read Albuterol Part 2

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Sermorelin Presentation and Storage

Sermorelin is typically presented for scientific study in a sterile, non-pyrogenic powder which is lyophilized (that is, freeze-dried). The peptide itself is typically introduced to the animal test subject to the subject’s body fat. The peptide is also mixed with a soluble liquid (typically sodium chloride) to create a solution suitable for testing.

It is further recommended that when scientific study on animal test subject will commence that the test site is rotated on a periodic basis. It is also recommended that the peptide is administered to the animal test subject with a sterile, disposable syringe and needle. The syringe that is used should consist of a small enough volume that the recommended dosage for research be drawn from the vial that is shipped with a consistent amount of accuracy.

Upon recipt, the vials of Sermorellin should ideally be stored refrigerated at a temperature range of 2 degrees to -8 degrees Celsius, or a range of 36 degrees to -46 degrees Fahrenheit.

Sermorelin should not be administered if the following occurs in the solution:

• If particles are visible
• If the solution itself is cloudy

Observed Properties of Sermorelin

According to scientific study that has been built around animal test subjects, it has been determined that the peptide’s absorption properties were reached at a time interval of 5 to 20 minutes. During this time frame, it was determined that the peptide’s absolute biovailability was approximately 6 percent. It was also noted that the mean volume of distribution fell into a range between 23.7 and 25.8 liters.

A study on Sermorelin’s elimination properties have indicated that the peptide is cleared from the animal test subject’s circulation rather rapidly. This may be due to the fact that the peptide’s half-life is very short, as it was determined that it lasts only 11 to 12 minutes after it is presented to the animal test subject’s body.

Sermorelin Side Effects

According to scientific study that has been based on animal test subjects, it has been determined that a significant number of test subjects develop anti-GRF antibodies at least once during the treatment phase. It has yet to be determined what the significance of these developed antibodies play, and it is oftentimes shown that a positive test of one growth assessment will become negative by the next assessment interval. With that being said, it has been thought that the antibodies do not appear to have an adverse effect on growth, nor do they appear to have a relation to a specific adverse reaction profile.

And while there has not been a generalized allergic reaction to Sermorelin reported through study of the animal test subjects, it is thought that the most common treatment-based adverse effect is a local reaction that is characterized by pain, swelling, or redness. It has been noted that this reaction typically occurs in about 1 in 6 animal test subjects.

Other side effects that have been observed through the usage of Sermorelin include headache, flushing, dizziness, somnolence, hyperactivity, dysphagia, and urticaria. When the peptide has been administered to an animal test subject, the reactions have also included nausea, vomiting, dysgeusia, tightness in the chest, and pallor. However, it should be noted that in the case of both instances of introduction, the side effects that have been present have been minor.

Precautions Before Utilizing Sermorelin

As is the case with other peptides, it is important to keep a few basic things in mind before utilizing Sermorelin on animal test subjects.

Firstly, it is always important to work with the highest level of purity possible. A diluted peptide will produce results with greater variance; if these results are part of a long-term study, this variance could ultimately compromise the research data. Secondly, it is always important to make sure that the exact quantity of Sermorelin is being ordered in order to accomplish the exact scope and goals of the project. Finally, it is important to ensure that detailed instructions regarding the peptide’s proper usage and storage is included. Taking his step eliminates any instance of guesswork regarding the peptide, its usage, or its functionality.

Click here to read Sermorelin Part 1

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