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The polypeptide Ipamorelin is a pentipeptide, meaning that its structure is comprised of five amino acids.  It contains a molecular mass of 711.85296, and its molecular formula is C₃₈H₄₉N₉O_5.  It can sometimes go by the alternate names Ipamorelin Acetate, IPAM, and NNC-26-0161.  It is a secretogogue, and is considered to be an agonist, meaning that it possesses the ability to bind certain receptors of a cell and provokes a cellular response.

How Ipamorelin Works

According to scientific study that has been built around animal test subjects, it has been determined that Ipamorelin’s primary functionality is associate with the stimulation of the pituitary gland.  This is the pea-sized gland that is located in the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain and is responsible for the regulation and control of a host of functions that relate to the endocrine system.  Some of these functions include:

• Growth
• Functionality of the thyroid gland
• Regulation of temperature
• Regulation of blood pressure
• Functionality of sex organs
• Pain relief

Specifically, Ipamorelin’s operational mechanics enables the peptide to stimulate the production of pituitary gland-based expression of secretions related to growth amongst animal test subjects.  At the same time, the presence of the peptide has been shown to inhibit the production of a secretion known as somatostatin.  In essence, this peptide is primarily responsible for inhibiting the production of growth secretions.  Additionally, it has been determined that Ipamorelin has the ability to boost the production of IGF-1, or Insulin-like Growth Factor 1.  This particular peptide, which is secreted by the liver, has been shown to be highly anabolic in its nature.  What this means is, its presence plays a key role in the overall growth and repair of muscular and skeletal tissue.

Furthermore, scientific study on animal test subjects has concluded that Ipamorelin works to bind to major control points of gastric, appetite, and growth motility.  Because of this particular point of functionality, it has been determined that the presence of the peptide does not cause an elevation in the levels of hunger within animal test subjects; a response that does occur in relation to some peptides that have a similar sense of functionality in relation to Ipamorelin.

Also, scientific study on animal test subjects has also shown that Ipamorelin does not significantly boost the production levels of cortisol.  This is the hormone found within animal test subject that is responsible for raising blood sugar via the process of gluconeogenesis.  It also does not significantly raise the production of prolactin; the hormones that play a key role in the regulation of immune system within an animal test subject, primarily as it relates to lactation in female animal test subjects.

Theoretical Benefits and Side Effects of Ipamorelin

The extensive study that has been conducted on animal test subjects has caused several benefits that relate to the presence of Ipamorelin to be hypothesized.  Some of these theoretical benefits include the rejuvenation and strengthening of joints, the strengthening of connective tissue, a boost in the burning of adipose tissue (that is, body fat), skin tone improvement, and the strengthening of bone mass.  These kinds of theorized positive benefits have led some of the scientific studies conducted on animal test subjects to determine that the peptide could play a fundamental role in the slowing down of the aging process.

Conversely, scientific study on animal test subjects has also been able to derive a handful of potentially negative side effects in relation to Ipamorelin’s presence.  These side effects are thought to be mild in nature, and have primarily been known to consist of headaches and head rushes (that is, a feeling of light-headedness).  That said, it has been determined that the presence of these negative side effects appear to be minimal, especially in relation to the number of theoretical benefits that have been linked to the presence of the peptide.  Furthermore, it has been determined that the list of negative side effects are significantly shorter than the list of negative side effects that have been typically associated with other peptides that share similar operational mechanics and functionality, such as the peptide GHRP – 6.

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The polypeptide Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) is a peptide chain consisting of 43 amino acids that is currently being designated for scientific study based on animal test subjects.  It has a molecular weight of 4963.4408.  Its molecular structure is C₁₂H₃₅N₅₆O₇₈S.  It is sometimes known as Tβ4.

How Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) Operates

According to scientific study based on animal test subjects, Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500)’s primary function lay in its ability to bind to actin proteins.  In essence, this process builds a sequestering molecule within eukaryotic cells that inhibits polymerization, otherwise known as the process of reacting monomer molecules in conjunction with a chemical reaction in order to create polymer chains.

This entire process is important because of what actin can do.  Essentially, the globular protein plays a vital role in several key cellular processes found within an animal test subject, including:

• Cell motility
• Cell division
• Cytokinesis
• Vesicle movement
• Organelle movement
• Cell shape establishment and maintenance
• Muscle contraction
• Cell signaling

As Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) interacts with actin, it manages to encourage cytoskeleton migration on a cellular level.  It accomplishes this in two segments.  Firstly, it is able to promote a boosted form of keratinocyte migration.  What this means is, it acts to form an epidermal barrier against environmental damages including heat, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and other foreign pathogens.  Secondly, the peptide is able to promote an accelerated form of endothelial migration.  What this means is, it provides aid in the formation and maintenance of blood vessels.

Because Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) is able to elevate keratinocyte migration, it has been determined via scientific study of animal test subjects that the peptide possesses a high level of anti-inflammatory properties.  Conversely, because Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) has the ability to boost endothelial migration, the peptide promotes the formation and growth of blood vessels.  It also has been shown to play a key role in the process of angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood cells from earlier blood vessels in dermal tissues.  These processes have led to the determination that Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) can allow for cell migration to occur on a significantly more efficient basis.

Scientific study based on animal test subjects has also led to the deduction that Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) possesses natural wound healing properties.  This has been surmised in part because the peptide is present in wound fluid.  Additionally, Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500)’s low molecular weight has been shown to allow the peptides to be able to travel through tissues over the course of long distances.

Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) and Bodily Function

Because of Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500)’s relation with actin and its ability to ultimately promote an elevated sense of cellular migration, scientific study based on animal test subjects has determined that the presence of the peptide can be linked to elevating various bodily functions within the test subject.

One of the processes that Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) has been liked to is one that is related to an accelerated sense of wound repair.  Because the peptide has been shown to influence a boosted rate of anti-inflammatory action and has also been shown to contain natural wound healing factors, it has been determined that the peptide can allow for an animal test subject to experience a heightened level of recovery from wounds that would otherwise be slow to heal.

A second process involves an enhanced level of injury recovery.  Because Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) can promote an uptick in cellular generation rate, scientific study based on animal test subjects has determined that the peptide contains the ability to allow muscular and skeletal tissue to recovery from a host of injuries at a significantly higher rate.

Another boosted process is tied to an increase in muscular tissue. This elevated process is tied to the peptide’s ability to promote a more efficient means of cellular growth and transport via an improved cellular migration.  Because of these processes, it has been thought that the peptide can enable a more efficient rate of muscular and skeletal tissue growth.

A fourth elevated process links the presence of Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500) with an enhanced rate of flexibility.  Because the peptide promotes heightened levels of anti-inflammation, it has been determined that the peptide can allow for tissues to experience a wider range of stretching ability without experiencing damage or fatigue.  Thus, this expanded range enables the animal test subject the capacity to take on a greater amount of physical stress an movement without any hyperextension.

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IGF-1 LR3 is a polypeptide amino acid that is comprised of a chain of 83 amino acids.  It has a molecular structure of C₉₉₀H₁₅₂₈N₂₆₂O₃₀₀S₇, and it contains a molecular weight of 9200.  It is sometimes known under the name of Long r3 igf-1, and it can sometimes confused with a similar peptide know as Long r2 ifg-1 because it possesses a similar molecular build and structural properties.

IGF-1 LR3 and Internal Organs

According to scientific study based on animal test subjects, it has been determined that IGF-1 LR3’s overall functionality is primarily tied to two internal organs:

• The Pancreas – This glandular organ that and key component of the endocrine system is shown to play a vital role in the production of hormones as they relate to an animal test subject’s overall functionality.
• The Liver – This vital organ is chiefly responsible for the detoxification, digestion, and protein synthesis processes that occur within animal test subjects.

IGF-1 LR3’s relationship with the pancreas is solely tied to the organ’s production of insulin; the peptide hormone that is responsible for the cells that are located in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the bloodstream in a proper manner.  IGF-1 LR3 helps this process by acting to accelerate insulin transport throughout the bloodstream of animal test subjects.

The reason that IGF-1 LR3 can promote this boosted transport level is because of its relationship with the liver; specifically, its relationship with IGF-1; a peptide that is also known as Insulin Growth Factor 1.  IGF-1 LR3 works in conjunction with IGF-1 to boost its otherwise rapid half-life, taking this number from around 20 minutes to approximately 20 hours.

The Results of an Increased Half-Life

According to scientific study that has been based on animal test subjects, it has been shown that IGF-1 LR3’s ability to extend the half-life of IGF-1 can be linked to several improved processes relating to the test subjects.  These improved processes include an increased synthesis of both protein and RNA, and improved transport of glucose and amino acids to cells, and a decrease of protein degradation.

These elevated processes have led scientific study based on animal test subjects to propose three main theoretical benefits in relation to IGF-1 LR3’s overall functionality.

The first theoretical benefit relates to a boosted level of muscle retention amongst animal test subjects.  Studies point to the peptide’s ability to extend the half-life of IGF-1 as the reason for this theory.

IGF-1 LR3’s ability to extend the half-life of IGF-1 has also led to the theory that the peptide can play a key role in allowing an animal test subject to recover from injury at a more efficient rate.  The reason for this theory is that IGF-1’s processes can lead to an extended level of repair for the muscles and tissues in an animal test subject, which would then correlate to a boost in the process of repair as it relates to an injury.

The third main benefit that has been theorized relates to the IGF-1 LR3’s possible ability to increase endurance.  Because the peptide has exhibited the capacity to promote protein synthesis as it inhibits protein degradation, it is thought that it can allow for an animal test subject to experience an increase in muscular performance before the process of fatigue sits in.

IGF-1 LR3 and Hypoglycemia

IGF-1 LR3’s ability to improve the transport of insulin throughout an animal test subject’s body has led to the theory that the peptide’s presence can possibly be linked to hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar.  However, these studies also indicate that the effects related to the condition can be counteracted with an increased intake of glucose.

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