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Fragment 176-191 refers to the PGP9.5 synthetic peptide which corresponds to the amino acids of peptide 175-191 PGP9.5. It may also be known under the names neuron cytoplasmic protein 9.5 or gracile axonal dystrophy.

This particular concentration is suggested to be used as an antibody or antigen binder in animals. When used with antibodies, fragment 176-191 should be pre-incubated with a peptide before it is introduced to a given tissue. The chemical has not been tested outside of this application so further dilutions or concentrations of this chemical are determined within the confines of a given study.

Functionality

The use of fragment 176-191 is largely focused on the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum membrane, a majority of which associated with membranes of the brain.

In a natural setting, the chemical stimulates the ubiquitin-protein hydrolase that is involved in processing ubiquitinated proteins and ubiquitin precursors.

This enzyme will recognize the peptide bond at the glycine C-terminal of ubiquitin.

The chemical may also bind to a free monobiquitin in order to prevent degradation of lysosomes. The chemical might have ATP-independent ubiquitin ligase activity.

In a natural setting fragment 176-191 is found in the neocortex within the neuronal cell bodies of animals. It is expressed through the cells and neurons as a means of diffusing the neuroendocrine system and tumors created therein. Fragment 176-191 may weakly appear in the ovaries of such subjects.

 

Sources

http://www.abcam.com/PGP9-5-peptide-175-191-ab38203.html?productWallTab=Questions

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Hexarelin refers to the peptide GH secretagogue which is quite similar in structure to GHRP-6. Because hexarelin is synthetic, its effects are not as potent as the naturalized chemicals.

Using hexarelin to stimulate some hormones will cause an insulin-like growth factor or IGF-1 which is the natural substance used to encourage muscle growth in animals. Unlike similar chemicals, hexarelin does not have any impact on appetite or increase of ghrelin levels.

Effects on Subjects of Varying Ages

Hexarelin has been established as an effective chemical in inducing hormone secretions in small mammals, but the effects and stability of this chemical compared to other common options are largely unknown.

• To better understand the effects of hexarelin and how they compared to those of common GH stimulators such as GHRP6, GHRP1 or GHRP2, secretions were studied in rats of varying ages and results were compared to the known stable chemical 2-methyl-trp.

• In 10 day old rats Trp was substituted with 2-methyl-trp and a hexapeptide hexarelin to achieve GH secretion. The chemicals were successful in achieving this stimulation.

In trials, hexarelin appeared to be more effective than GHRP6 in eliciting the desired response. This indicates that hexarelin could be used as an effective releasing agent that could act as a tool for both diagnostic and therapeutic work in clinical practice in the future.

Cardio-protective Effects of Hexarelin

As selected GH deficiency has been established as a risk for cardiac dysfuntion, hexarelin was administered to determine its potential use in addressing this risk.

• Non-GH mediated effects of the heart were examined in hypo-physectomized rats. Throughout the study, rats were administered hexarelin for a week.

• Throughout the study, the hexarelin injections prevented the increases of diastolic or left ventricular pressure and also helped to reduce reactivity of the coronary vasculature to angiotensin II and coronary perfusion pressure.

• In addition to these findings, hexaralin was determined to prevent prostacyclin release levels falling while recovering contractility. Administering natural GH allowed for similar results. However, the administration of EP 51389, was not effective in relieving symptoms.

These conclusions indicate that hexarelin can help to reduce the damage to the cardiovascular system that occurs following ischemia-reperfusion which is not mediated by GH but the activating of certain cardiac receptors. Additional study may reveal a solution of hexarelin that may be administered as a form of preventative care for these circumstances.

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Ongoing study continues to reveal potential uses of hexarelin in mammalian test subjects. This research hopes to address safety issues including proper levels of administration and likely side effects of interaction with this chemical.

Sources:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024320594005109

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Obesity can interfere with the function of organs such as the pituitary gland or pancreas. If these organs cannot receive the proper messages then the system will fail to produce proper levels of chemicals, such as insulin.

Studies are undergoing to determine the effectiveness of using artificial hormones to help regulate these hormone levels. The growth chemical GHRP6 is currently being studied for such a purpose, though it will take some time before any coherent results are determined.

Natural Interactions with Insulin

Natural hormones are designed to stimulate a variety of chemicals to encourage the tissue cells to multiply.

• Hormones are designed to stimulate the pituitary or other glands or what’s secreted from these glands to stimulate tissue. GHRP6 is a chemical that has been designed to mimic the properties of the latter group.

• Different types of hormones are intended to stimulate different types of tissue. This may include stimulating bone knitting or muscle production.

• Some natural hormones will also stimulate the pancreas. If these hormones are not functioning properly it can result in excessive growth that may result in obesity.

It is important to note that artificial hormones such as GHRP6 do not function in the same manner as the natural hormones they are designed to mimic.

In tests on rats it has been shown that chemicals such as GHRP6 remain in the system much longer than hormones which naturally occur in the system. The impact this added time in the system has on the tissues is not yet known.

Impact of GHRP6 on Hypopituitary and Obese Conditions

Scientists have determined that a low reproducibility rate of hormones may increase the risk of obesity.

• To determine the full effects of these hormones, a variety of mice subjects including males and females were studied. Groups included those that were obese, obese but otherwise healthy, those that suffered from hypopituitarism and those with a normal body-mass and health rates. These subjects were checked using a radioimmunoassay to determine the natural hormone rates in their system.

• The study concluded that those mice suffering from hypo-pituitarism, specifically those that were already obese, saw a significant dip in their natural hormones. Those that did not suffer from hypopituitarism or those with a normal body mass index did not see this response.

GHRP6 and acipimox were offered as a potential treatment option to correct these levels in the mice that saw a hormone decrease.

The conclusions showed that doses of acipimox or GHRP6 were not effective in restoring the natural hormone levels necessary to overcome hypopituitarism. However, a combination of the natural GHRH and GHRP6 saw fewer side effects than the other doses.

Additional research will be necessary to determine the safety or full effectiveness of artificial hormones in treating organic conditions.

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