Month: August 2013

Activin A Mouse

(Click here to read our disclaimer)

Activin is closely related to the protein complex inhibin, though they are designed to work against each other when they are produced by an animal’s body. Activin is designed by the body to maintain natural FSH biosynthesis, as well as the secretion of the necessary chemicals, for this interaction.

Activin has also been noted to participate in a variety of roles throughout an animal’s body including differentiation apoptosis, cell proliferation, immune response, metabolism, homeostasis, endocrine function and wound repair.

A synthesized version of activin is designed to provide similar effects when applied to an animal, as research studies have seen. This complex may work alongside similar natural peptides including TGF beta, bone morphogenetic protein, anti-mullarian hormone or growth differentiation factor.

Research will often combine applications of these chemicals in an attempt to produce natural results within the animal.

Role of Activins in Animals

Research of a variety of chemicals including activin a are being used to help understand their role within animals including the signals they send throughout the body.

  • It is believed that activin chemicals are used for signal transduction cascade. This is performed by binding with receptors for threonine or serine, though they also bine with a variety of other receptors in vitro, though the significance of this binding has not yet been established with research.
  • To further establish this understanding, mice were mutated to allow for the ActRcII gene using stem cell alterations.
  • It was expected that these mice would be able to phenocopy activin compared to deficient mice.

Some of these test subjects showed alterations in facial or skeletal growth but most lacked any significant deficit and grew into adults without issue.

Evidence for Extragonadal Production

Studies of both activin and EDF have been used to mediate physiological events at sites throughout an animal’s body.

  • The presence of activin in mouse test subjects was confirmed by providing a high performance chromatography liquid that was monitored via vioassay.
  • During this experiment the active fraction of this chemical was identical to the reactions of natural activin A and was neutralized by follistatin.

This study noted that the activin levels from the serum were ovariectomized in mice that were more advanced in age, which helps to suggest that the body produces serum activin in the ovaries as well as extragondal organs.

It was also noted that the serum activin was quite different in structure from natural inhibin while natural forms of this chemical are quite similar, which may play a role in future research.

Activin is a protein complex that shows a dimeric structure. Within the complex itself there have been noted two monomers that are linked by a disulfide bond with a single attachment. Activin is derived from an identical family of genes as inhibin, though they produce opposite effects in the body, and in turn, alter in their sub-unit composion to create a notable difference in their overall structure.
Activin may appear with a variety of structures in a natural setting depending on its desired role in the body. Naturally, it may also be produced by the animal’s pituitary gland, gonads, placenta among other organs.

Sources:

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v374/n6520/abs/374356a0.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006291X9291143E

Click here to view our entire PDF research library

Click here to view/download the PDF version of this article

Review Specific Design Structure Of Fragment 176-191

(Click here to read our disclaimer)

fragment 176-191
Click here to be redirected to the payment page

Studies have claimed that applying fragment 176-191 may increase an animal’s ability to remove stubborn adipose tissue, which will in turn increase muscle mass, energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Studies indicate that this may result in fragment 176-191 being used in future treatments of fat loss or obesity because it is safer to apply to animal research subjects.

Specific Design Structure

Fragment 176-191 was specifically developed to mimic the effect on mass fat reduction when it is controlled in a smaller region of the hormones molecule.

  • Because of its unique structure, fragment 176-191 has shown to stimulate lipolysis at 12.5 time stronger rates than a natural hormone in animals. This also allows an animal’s body to slow lipogenesis or the formation of fatty acids within the body.
  • Many of the side effects that research has shown when applying additional hormones to animals are not exhibited when applying fragment 176-191. Impaired glucose levels, in particular have not been present, which implies additional potential for fragment 176-191 research.

Current research into fragment 176-191 uses focus on its ability to encourage weight loss in animals. This may also help to slow the aging process in animals that are provided with regular applications of this peptide. However, many conditions that are being researched in connection with fragment 176-191 and application has been developed for research settings, which may influence final results.

Research kits containing fragment 176-191 are designed to be applied regularly, at least 7 days per week in consistent applications to animal test subjects. These should be applied before food is given or before any planned exercise portions of the study.

When  you receive fragment 176-191 kits that are designed for research purposes, you will be given vials of white powder that arebeaker freeze dried and sterile filtered. These are aqueous soluble, should it be necessary for applications within the confines of your research. Most kits are suitable for applications in animal experiments or cell cultures, but you should read the instructions to determine the specific intentions of the kit you have purchased.

When using fragment 176-191 in a research setting, you may store these items at room temperature for up to 2 months: one month at 2-8 degrees Celsius or for 3 months at 20-70 degrees Celsius once the peptide has been reconstituted, so long as the storage conditions are sterile.

Other related articles:

Article 1

Article 2

Article 3

Click here to view our entire PDF research library

Click here to view or download this article in PDF format

Cheap Research Peptides – Getting the Most for Your Investment

(Click here to read our disclaimer)

(Click here to shop all of our peptides for sale)

Because most peptides used for research purposes are synthesized, it is becoming increasingly easy to find these peptides at an affordable price. You can use the internet to compare suppliers  and thus avoid increasing laboratory costs by overspending on your basic materials.

When you are focusing on purchasing peptides at an affordable price, it is easy to wind up with materials that are unsuitable for a research setting. Many inexpensive peptides are diluted or come in small quantities which are not appropriate for those that will be performing multiple trials or will repeating their research over the course of several years.

Taking the time to carefully evaluate a website offering cheap peptides will help you determine if they are suitable for your research or if it may be necessary to find a different supplier.

Buying Cheap Peptides for Research

When comparing research peptide suppliers, you should make sure that you have found a company that offers a quality product for an affordable price.

  • Note the number of milligrams that you will receive for the price being asked. Many websites cut down on the price of the product by offering a smaller product.
  • Note what type of research materials come with your purchase. 

Determine how the product is intended to be used before you make your purchase. Some peptides are designed to be used on live test subjects, while others are intended to be used on cells or tissue samples. Any peptides to be used on animals should be sterilized.

peptides for sale

Getting the Most for Your Investment

Knowing how to care for your peptides will help you ensure that you can use these chemicals for as long as possible.

  • If the lid on the storage vial cannot be resealed, transfer your peptide into a different container while in use.
  • Most peptides should be kept at a low temperature to ensure stability for a longer period of time. In many cases, this means keeping the peptides frozen, though you should not continually re-freeze and thaw peptides while they are in use.

Peptides are not intended to be kept in direct light or heat. Researchers are encouraged to only remove the amount of peptide they need for their experiment and keep the rest stored away. This will help prevent the chemical from breaking down over time.

Also note the country of origin when you are determining whether or not to purchase peptides from a supplier online. Different countries have different rules and standards regarding how a peptide should be stored and shipped.

Countries that are far from you may also have a long shipping time which may need to be taken into account when you are setting your research schedule. If your peptides have a very short and strict expiration date, you do not want to use up much of this time waiting for your shipment to arrive.

Click here to view our entire PDF research library

Click here to view/download the PDF version of this article