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Levothyroxine is often used in research environments to better understand the treatment options for thyroid hormone deficiency in animals. Some studies have indicated that this chemical may have a future use in helping to prevent reoccurring thyroid cancer in such subjects.

In the past, dextrothyroxine was used to treat conditions such as hypercholesterolemia but levothyroxine is being studied as a potential replacement, as dextrothyroxine is known for causing cardiac side effects in the abovementioned subjects.

Levothyroxine, used in research settings, is typically a synthetic chemical that attempts to mimic the natural secretions which exist in the body. Research is ongoing to better determine the proper way to manufacture these chemicals so they are as accurate as possible when compared to their natural counterparts. This will help both to get accurate results in studies while minimizing side effects in test subjects.

Effects on Maternal Subclinical Hypothyroidism

The study aimed to determine whether maternal subclinical hypothyroidism would impair the spatial learning in the subsequent offspring.

• Wistar female adult rats were divided into six test groups including a control, subclinical hypothyroid, hypothyroid, subclinical hypothyroid treated with levothyroxine. Groups were treated on the 10^th, 13^th or 17 gestational days with a view to restoring what’s called as normal thyroid levels.

• Spatial learning in the offspring was determined by assessing the progenies in a water maze test, a potentiating induction (long term) assay and excitatory postsynaptic potential recording.

• The hypothyroid and subclinical hypothyroid groups showed a longer mean latency in water maze tests as well as a lower amplifaction percentage in the slope and amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential recording than those in the control group.

Groups that were exposed to levothyroxine saw minimal effects on the offspring’s spatial learning as compared to the control groups. While it was determined that maternal subclinical hypothyroidism would impair the spatial learning of the offspring, treatment early on in the pregnancy could potentially offset this effect.

Levothyroxine in Pregnant Rats with Subclinical Hypothyroidism

The study aimed to investigate how maternal subclinical hypothyroidism would influence a developing brain in subjects and whether levothyroxine has potential as a treatment option for this condition.

• A set of 75 thyroidectomized Wistar female rats were randomly divided into groups that had hypothyroism and were treated with levothyroxine either from the embryonic delay at day 10, 13 17 or post-natal day 21. Fifteen of the rats were sham operated controls.

• The results from the levothyroxine groups showed significantly lower body weights than those in the euthyroid groups. Those from the groups treated at day 10, 13 and 17 showed a normal body weight compared to the other groups. Latencies in these groups were longer than those in the controls.

• The barrel cortex of those in the day 10 and 13 groups was very similar to the control group. Distributions of the hypothyroid groups and those treated at day 17 saw a more widespread level of bromodeoxyuridinelabeled cells than those in the other groups.

These conclusions indicate that the maternal presence of hypothyroidism will affect memory and learning in the offspring. However, treating with levothyroxine early in the pregnancy may help to prevent these cells from migrating to the brain where they can cause such damage.

Currently, levothyroxine is not approved for use in humans or study on humans. Dosages and official usage information is not available.

Sources:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192600

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024639

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IGF-1 DES-1 is one of the primary mediators some hormone types in the animal body. When this chemical is activated, it can affect the bone, cartilage, muscle, kidneys, skin, nerves, hematopiotic cells and lungs. It creates effects that mimic insulin while regulating cell development and growth—and managing cellular DNA synthesis.

Animals that have a deficiency of these natural hormones or the natural version of IGF-1 can have a diminished stature. Animals such as cattle are often treated with a synthetic version of this chemical to help manage conditions such as Laron syndrome that stems from the deficiency of this chemical within the body.

Influences of IGF-1 Levels in Circulation

There are a number of factors that will impact the natural levels of these hormones or IGF-1 in an animal’s body which can lead to growth deficiencies.

• Factors including the exercise status, time of day, sex, age, nutrition level, body mass index (BMI), stress levels, estrogen status, disease state or xenobiotic intake may affect the level of IGF-1 in the body in a natural setting.

• Xenobiotic intake has been a recent inclusion to this status as studies showed that IGF-1 status included an axis that had potential to disrupt certain endocrine chemicals, therefore labeling this chemical as an endocrine disruptor.

• Different animals will require different levels of some hormone types as well as IGF1 DES1 throughout their life cycle in order to manage the various cell stimulation and body development needed throughout the animal’s lifestyle.

Animals that are raised in farm settings will often receive synthetic versions of IGF1 DES1 to stimulate additional muscle growth to increase the animal’s value as a food course.

Fasting will dramatically and quickly reduce the levels of this hormone, which can lead to negative effects. Free range animals may be at risk for this difficulty–should their food source or nutrition levels in the body change quickly.

Reproductive Performance of Bulls

This study was designed to determine the effects of IGF-1 on sperm mobility, scrotal circumference and percentage of what’s termed as normal sperm cells in Angus beef cattle.

• Blood samples were taken to determine the blood serum concentration of IGF-1 in each animal. The data was obtained from these samples by studying 100 fall-calving purebred Angus bulls.

• It was determined that the percentage of mobile sperm cells, the percentage of what’s known as normal sperm cells, scrotal circumference did not vary between animals with high or low IGF-1 levels.

• When levels of 28, 42 or 56 concentrations of IGF-1 were applied to post-weaning animals, the quadratic regression of the scrotal circumfrance tended to go negative as did the percentage of mobile sperm cells.

The coefficient for quadratic regression in the normal sperm cells was negative for those Angus bulls that received exposure to IGF-1 in 56 concentrations. The scrotal circumference and percentage of normal sperm cells were negative and considered impotent on those bulls that received concentrations of .04 and .08.

IGF1 DES1 is also applied to animals when it is necessary to stimulate reproductive performance. Studies applying this chemical, to include cattle and rats, for this purpose are ongoing.

Sources:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10328346

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GHRH is a molecule that has been discovered in plants, mammals, bacteria, fungi and single cell organisms. Initially, it was discovered in molecular biology in 1958 in human genome studies. Because of the recent identification of this enzyme in other organism’s unrelated to human biology, it is now referred to only by the letters GHRH.
CJC 1295 is the synthetic version of GHRH. CJC 1295 just like GHRH allows certain albumins – a globular protein, which is stored in specific areas of the organisms body – to bind to cell receptors.

The Difference

GHRH and CJC 1295 is the duration length. GHRH is exuded in small spurts for short periods of time over a 24-hour period. CJC 1295 is also released in small bursts but has an extended half-life that continues the bursting action over a longer period during the same 24 hours. CJC 1295 was developed in order to have sufficient lengths of time to measure results, effects and responses that were impossible to do with GHRH.
Although it was first identified in mammalian cellular structure, it has since been detected in bacteria, macroalgae, and other invertabrates. In those few cases that are currently under study, it is becoming evident that CJC 125, aka GHRH, mimics the photoperiodic responses seen in other life forms.

Expected Observations

One unexpected observation is that the biosynthetic pathways between simple cell and complex mammal use GHRH identically. Once scientists understand the manner in which GHRH works within bacteria, it is possible to modify the detrimental effects of strains dangerous to organisms. The other possibility is that certain diseases/disorders such as Alzheimer’s may be reversed in the future.
In studies on laboratory mice for the purpose of eliminating or including CJC 1295 as a possible corrective GHRH to treat dwarfism in offspring, initial findings report stated that normal growth was maintained in the mice treated with CJC 1295 treated once daily but that those mice treated more often than that failed to show similar results. In some instances, the mice treated more frequently and on different time scales actually deteriorated in growth.

Biosynthetic Pathways are complex

In an earlier study in Strasbourg, France done by molecular biologists, it was ascertained that the biosynthetic pathways that enables the pulsing release of GHRH is much more complicated than a simple ‘a to b to c’ routing mechanism. ICER – an inducible repressor – regulates an alternative binding protein and is tissue specific. This means that the amount and effects of CJC 1295 on any given organism, cell or molecular structure can be sidetracked by this repressor.

CJC 1295 with DAC is time released in a continuous stream instead of in short bursts as its counterpart, CJC 1295 NO DAC does. Thus far, CJC 1295 NO DAC is the only GHRH that has been tested in plants, microbes and organisms. Because there is insufficient evidence to know how it will modify the cell structure over extensive periods, there is no data determining that it is ready for commercial use.

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