HPLC Explained

hplc machineOne of the more important aspects of peptides that are used for scientific study on animal test subjects involves the process of determining the effectiveness of the materials involved in conducting the research.  Specifically, it is imperative that the purity of the peptides involved is scrutinized, especially in terms of long-term research projects.  If a peptide is at or close to 100% in its purity level, the end results of the research will be consistent.  If a peptide does not approach these high numbers of purity, a higher rate of variability can be introduced into the research phase, thus causing a potential disruption to the integrity of the studies being conducted.

There are a few techniques that have been crafted in order to determine the overall purity of a research peptide before it is put to use.  One of the more prominent techniques is a method that is known as HPLC, or high performance liquid chromatography.

Chromatography at a Glance

HPLC utilizes a technique called chromatography in order to measure the purity of a peptide.  In essence, this procedure functions to separate various components in a mixture.  While there are generally two ways in which chromatography can be primarily executed – gas chromatography and liquid chromatography – HPLC utilizes the latter technique in order to study a peptide’s purity.

The method in which this is carried out is part of two phases:

  • Mobile Phase – This is the phase in which a peptide sample is broken down via an appropriate solvent.
  • Stationary Phase – This is where the different components of a peptide are isolated and graphed based on their level of solubility as it passes over a stationary solid sorbent, such as silica or polymers.

The level of purity that is marked largely depends on how the peptide reacts as it passes through the stationary phase after it has been suitably prepared for such action coming out of the mobile phase.  A peptide that is 100% in its purity will essentially have one peak of consequence on the chart, along with other smaller peaks that are more or less non-affective regarding the peptide’s purity levels.  A peptide that ends up with a lower purity percentage are given such a metric because it presents a significant number of compounds or contaminates that are located within the research peptide.

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Peptide Purity – Achieving Excellence In 2015

One of the most critical factors that must be scrutinized before undergoing scientific study on animal test subjects involves the determination of the purity of a peptide that has been designated for research.  In essence, the purity level of a peptide plays a vital role in determining the consistency of the results that may be tied to research that is derived from its usage.

Percentages at a Glance

The most important metric that can be spotted in determining the purity of a peptide can be drilled down to the percentage that is associated with a given substance.  This metric is a basic indicator as to how diluted or mixed a peptide designated for scientific study based on animal test subjects may be with other foreign materials or extraneous debris.  The higher the percentage that is indicated, the purer the peptide is determined to be.  A peptide that checks in at a 100% level of purity will be free from variable compounds or research chemicals, whereas a research peptide with a purity level of 60% will consist of 40% of foreign or extraneous materials.

Lower Percentages and Research Results

It has been determined that the closer that a research peptide is to a 100% level of purity, the more likely that it will perform in the manner that it is intended to perform, and therefore will provide research results that are more consistent in their nature.  Conversely, the lower a peptide’s purity level is, the greater the variables within the derived research data will be.  The reason for this is because the extraneous materials that can cause a disruption in the overall integrity of the peptide in its naturally occurring state.  Some of these impurities have been noted to include:

  • Incomplete de-protected sequences
  • Truncated or shortened peptide sequences
  • Removed peptide sequences
  • Other by-products of processes that pertain to protein synthesis

Because of this, it is determined that scientific studies that are being conducted on animal test subjects should make a concerted effort to acquire research peptides that are as close to being deemed as 100% in purity as possible.  If this is not an option, it is then strongly recommended that research peptides that are as close to perfect purity as possible are obtained.  Anything less could cause a disruption of the integrity of research data that may ultimately yield results whose accuracy may be plagued by their inconsistency.

How we have responded

When you are browsing our site you will find various reports on our products. We regularly have our peptides and chemicals tested by a third party, and make the tests available as they come in. Peptide purity is the backbone of our organization, we support the sciencitfic community by providing a product that will ensure accurate research.

Please contact us if you have questions about a specific peptide or bulk purchase for your organization.

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What is PT-141 (Bremelanotide)?

pt-141PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a research cyclic peptide whose scientific study on animal test subjects is primarily tied to potentially positive effects relating to hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion injury.  It contains a molecular mass of 1025.2, and carries a molecular formula of C50H68N14O10.  It also has a half-life of 120 minutes.

The Scientific Process of PT-141 Bremelanotide

PT-141 Bremelanotide’s operational mechanics has been shown to be linked to the central nervous system.  On a more specific level, according to scientific study based on animal test subjects, PT-141 Bremelanotide has been shown to activate melanocortin receptors MC-3R and MC-4R.  This action of activation has allowed scientific study on animal test subject to determine that the peptide engages in this way as a means to inhibit and control specific signals which are transmitted from the brain to various components of the nervous system that relate to inflammation and blood flow restriction.  When these particular receptors are triggered, the result is a modulation of inflammation and a limit of blood flow restrictions as they relate to triggers that are linked to ischemic conditions.

Ultimately, this sense of control has enabled scientific study based on animal test subjects to hone in on the peptide’s purpose.  Essentially, they said this function was twofold.  Firstly, the peptide can be shown to curb bodily irritation which can be brought upon by various pathogens and irritants.  Secondly, the peptide can minimize the damage or dysfunction of blood vessels and other associated tissues, up to and including the damage that could result from an ischemic episode.

Additional scientific study that has been based on animal test subjects has determined that PT-141 Bremelanotide’s course of action is through the central nervous system, as opposed to directly expressing itself through the bloodstream.

PT-141 Bremelanotide and Hemorrhagic Shock

One of the main focuses of scientific study based on animal test subjects is determining the link between PT-141 Bremelanotide and the serious condition of hemorrhagic shock.  Essentially, the condition itself is marked by lower tissue perfusion, which over time turns in an inadequate delivery of oxygen an nutrients that are vital for cellular function.  The condition is split into four classes: neurogenic; cardiogeneic; hypovolemic; and vasogenic – better known as septic.  Overall, it is a very tricky ailment to deal with when it’s observed on a cellular level, because no two cells will express the exact presentation of shock identically.

Scientific study based on anima test subjects has shown that PT-141 Bremelanotide’s design is to stimulate the neural reflects as a method to regulate blood flow through organs that would otherwise slow down o even shut down as a result of hemorrhagic shock.  This particular manner of stimulation can be manifested in several ways, such as:

  • A boosted heart rate
  • Vasocsontriction
  • A redistribution of blood flow away from organs that an animal test subject would deem to be unnecessary for ultimate survival, such as the skin or the kidneys

PT-141 Bremelanotide and Reperfusion Injury

Another main area of scientific study that has been based on animal test subjects is determining a link between PT-141 Bremelanotide and its conceived ability to lessen the effects of reperfusion injury.  In essence, a reperfusion injury refers to the type of tissue damage that could be caused in the wake of an ischemic episode, such as  a stroke or angina pectoris.  When this condition happens, a process that is normally considered to be important – that is, the circulation of blood flow through an organ – actually results in oxidative damage and inflammation via the condition of oxidative stress.

It has been determined via scientific study on animal test subjects that PT-141 Bremelanotide can work on a neurological level in order to lower the inhibitions that would otherwise be linked to the restriction of blood flow to tissues as a result of the ischemic cascade.  The ultimate result of this process would translate to a lowering or even a blockage of any and all resultant damage that may otherwise happen from blood flow limitation to potentially affected areas.

Other Focuses of Study

While the studies between PT-141 Bremelanotide and its respective links to hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion injury are the most prominent fields of study regarding the peptide, it should be noted that some studies in relation to the peptide has been focused on discovering a link between it and sexual dysfunction in both male and female animal test subjects.

Sources:

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You can read more essays we have prepared on this peptide by clicking the links below:

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