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AICAR is capable of both inhibiting and stimulating a variety of proteins which offers a variety of applications in natural environments. The research of AICAR is also attempting to determine the specific pathways that these synthesis inhibitors travel to better understand how the chemical would behave when introduced to a natural environment.

To date these experiments have been performed on rats which somewhat limit the available data, though ongoing experiments are making more data available.

Mechanisms of the Chemical

AICAR stimulates AMP-dependent protein kinase that was first produced in the 1980s.

• When applied, AICAR enhances the rate of re-synthesis of nucleotide which will in turn increase the adenosine from adenosine monophosphate conditions in the myocardial ischemia.

• AICAR is typically used to stimulate protein kinase in a natural environment. The effects of this stimulation appear to be dependent on the amount of the chemical that has been applied to the given environment.

• Studies are currently investigating the impacts of AICAR on glucose.

In studies performed on rats, cyanide-stimulated glucose was controlled by this process, though the necessary applications to control basal insulin-glucose uptake has not yet been discovered in laboratory settings.

Uses and Research

Research has led to the belief that AICAR could be used as an inhibitor that can affect adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase.

• Research is currently investigating the potential benefits of using AICAR to control kinase activity in skeletal muscles. Studies in the skeletal tissues of rats currently imply that AICAR can control these processes without activating additional kinetic processes.

• Because the effects of AICAR are largely concentrated, it may be able to reduce inflammation from triggers such as nitric oxide synthase. This includes circumstances where AICAR was applied to multiple areas of skeletal tissue in the given test subject simultaneously. Data on how these chemicals may interact with tissues other than those of rats is not presently available.

Much of the research surrounding the potential effects of AICAR is performed in order to compare the effects of this chemical compared to AMPK or adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase. This natural enzyme made from three proteins is key to providing cells with energy homeostasis. Presently, AICAR is not able to fully control kinases stimulated by natural AMPK in laboratory settings.

Much of the function of AICAR and its interaction with exposed tissues is dependent on the hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) that is in the area where the chemical has been applied, stimulating a variety of kinase processes based on the needs of the natural environment in a given circumstance.

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There are a variety of GHRP chemicals, both in natural and artificial settings.

These hormones are designed to time the growth and creation of additional tissue. In scientific study these hormones are used to determine their effects of various chemicals.

Additional GHRP Releasers

The GHRP series is a group of hexapeptides that is designed to mimic natural growth releasers.

• Basic versions of these peptides include GHRP1, GHRP2 and GHRP6. These are available in natural forms, though the artificial versions of these chemicals have slightly different properties and are not considered for bodily use.

• GHRP6 has been used as a template to help create additional peptides that have tetra penta and pseudotripepide properties.

• These have a very different structural homology and have different receptors that do not respond to the pituitary and hypothalamic glands the way the natural substances would.

Much of the work that has been done to study these receptors has been done by cloning the original hormone, both to provide researchers with plenty of the chemical for rounds of experiments and to determine the best method for producing an artificial version of the hormone for potential use.

However, these cloned versions do not have the same homology as the natural receptors.

Analyzing

Studying the variance of GHRP variants suggests the natural versions of these chemicals contain a ligand that has not yet been discovered.

• The GHRP series likely have two sites of action that will allow it to interact with both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland as necessary. This is likely to help some hormones regulate somatostatin or other factors that help to address hypothalamic factures.

• Any chemical versions of these hormones cannot include any opioid receptor antagonists that would allow them to interact with male or female organisms in an alternate manner.

• The opioid receptor antagonists that appear in certain types of natural some hormones can neutralize the effects or influences of chemicals like GHRP6. In a natural state this is designed to ensure regulation of hormones in a system, but in an artificial state this can negatively impact the ability to study the effects of these chemicals.

Studies of GHRP6 and its impact on free fatty acids, neurotransmitters, rhGH, glucocorticoids or exogenous somaostatin are ongoing to better understand the chemical design of manufactured GHRP6.

Ongoing insight on the GHRP chemical base can allow scientists to make more precise versions of these chemicals for further study.

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The natural occurring base of CJC 1295 was discovered in different parts of plants species in 1995 including leaves, stems and seeds. The original purpose of this biological CJC 1295 production is still unknown but there are suggestions that it protected plants during evolution against harsh environments. Researchers have been able to link this chemical to regulation of diminished root growth and higher above ground growth.

High Concentration of GHRH

In 2001, at the Department of Cellular and Structural Biology at the University of Texas, researchers discovered high concentrations of GHRH in two species of wild cherries.This was one of the early observational research projects to determine what effect GHRH played in plant growth at a cellular level.

The report suggested that the high levels were part of the photoperiodism that dictated and directed plant growth and bearing of fruit. These high levels were not observed during non-fruit bearing periods.

Biologists are especially excited about the potential of this discovery. These scientists hope that further and targeted research may lead to a method of controlling plant and vegetation growth that will enable increased ability to feed more people worldwide. The levels of GHRH vary widely from species to species as well as from each part of the same plant. Levels can be as small as pictograms to as large as micrograms within any given organism.

Precise Methodology

If scientists are able to distinguish the precise methodology used by various plants to increase production during particular periods and the environmental triggers can be replicated, there is potential that farmers will be able to produce greater quantities of food in smaller spaces. In addition, there is the possibility that vegetables and fruits may be able to be grown out of their normal season, making a substantially larger selection of food products available to the public.

In addition to identifying GHRH in plants, it has also been detected in bacteria and fungi. Few studies have begun and none yet concluded on the manner in which GHRH works in unicell and dinoflagellates. However, two observations of dinoflagellate Lingulodinium displayed affects that increased expanded lifecycles and reduced environmental stress on the invertebrates.

Implications of the Findings

This finding has implications in ecophysiology and in pharmacological advancement. In vertebrate and plant organisms, the action of GHRH appears to be incorporated in the circadian rhythms whereas in unicell and dinoflagellates there is no detection of this synthesis.

CJC 1295 with DAC is time released in a continuous stream instead of in short bursts as its counterpart, CJC 1295 NO DAC does. DAC stands for drug affinity complex, which is designed to increase the half-live effects of GHRH. Research on the effects of CJC 1295 with DAC is in the beginning stages and what few studies include stage one reports are thus far inconclusive.

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