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MGF is a spliced variant of the IGF gene that naturally occurs in animals. This gene increases the stem cells in muscles, causing the muscle fibers to mature and grow, a process that is necessary for adult animals to grow in size. The natural version of MGF is produced locally in an animal’s body and does not travel throughout the bloodstream.

The synthetic version of peg MGF is designed to be diluted with water so it can be injected into an animal intramuscularly so it may travel throughout the body. However, this peptide will only remain stable in the bloodstream for a matter of minutes.

Peg refers to pegylation or the act of attaching polyethylene glycol to another molecule, which in this case would be MGF. The peg connection adds a protective coating to the MGF chemical that in theory will help it move through the bloodstream without being broken down by the body.

Peg MGF Actions

In a natural setting, MGF is produced in an animal’s body when the muscle fibers are broken down due to resistance, such as heavy exercise.

• MGF is designed to stimulate muscle growth to replace these damaged muscle fibers and retain nitrogen to increase protein synthesis during this process.

• In experiments, peg MGF can be injected into an animal’s body because it can move through the bloodstream to promote physical growth wherever the experiment demands.

• During experiments on live animals, peg MGF has been shown to increase strength while causing fat loss, somewhat similar to the reactions of MGF.

While data is still not solidified on MGF, the use of peg on live test subjects has been approved by the FDA in experimental settings. In the study of the feces and urine of animal test subjects, the peg molecules were found and not broken down, indicating that they do not affect a natural setting.

Technical Peg MGF Application

When used in older rodents, the reduction of muscle fibers is shown to decrease the activity of satellite cells.

• When MGF was applied to these affected areas in the rodent, the satellite cells were re-activated and hypertrophy in the muscles continued.
• In the same experiment, MGF was also administered to the intramuscular structure. This showed a 20 percent increase in the weight of the muscle fibers that were affected.

In similar studies using other peptides on rodent test subjects, muscle fibers injected with IGF grew by 25 percent, making it more potent. However, in these experiments MGF was found to be stronger than igf-1Ea in creating rapid muscle growth.

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It should be noted that most data regarding peg MGF is theoretical at this time. In laboratory studies, the pegylation is helpful in extending the life of the chemical; it lowers the efficiency of the synthesized MGF chemical. There is also a lack of comparative data for peg MGF and other peptides because there are not currently any peptides on the market that behave in the same manner.

In some experiments, peg MGF is used in conjunction with igf or lr3igf-1, though this is not necessarily recommended or necessary.

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Mgf refers to mechano growth factor, a hormone that is produced in muscle tissue of animals when the muscles are trained. This chemical is considered to be an isoform of IGF-1. This spliced variant shares the mature region with IGF-1 but has a different E domain. The C-terminal sequence between these two chemicals shows a distinct variant that allows researchers to differentiate between the two bodies.

Mgf is associated with promoting healing in the muscles of animal subjects after they have been damaged. In a natural setting, the chemical can stimulate the stem and satellite cells in addition to the necessary anabolic processes to promote the growth of new tissue or muscle fibers by tissues that were not damaged.

It is believed that mgf and IGF-1 are central to the regrowth of muscle and the primary anabolic mechanism used to create new tissue.

Inability to Naturally Express Mgf Due to Mechanical Overload

Studies are investigating the response of IGF-1 signals and the capacity of skeletal muscle in an animal subject to react to the mechanical overload of this chemical by using synergistic muscle ablation.

• Overloading the soleus and plantaris caused a significant hypertrophy response as well as activation of the satellite cells. This response was more noticeable in younger rats.

• To splice variants of IGF-1 were found to be regulated differentially by RNA levels.

Significant changes that could be associated with an inability of older muscles in the subject’s body to manage mechanical overload resulted in a lower expression of the splice variant applied in that area as well as the machano growth factor.

This also created a failure for these muscles to un-regulate the IGF-1 receptors, mRNA and MyoD.

Expression of Actions in Rat Cardiomyocytes

A study worked to investigate the expression patterns of IGF-1 gene in rat myocardium between one hour and eight weeks after an induced myocardial infarction that was caused by coronary artery ligation at left anterior.

• Mgf-E and IGF-1 actions were characterized as well as the respective signals to H9C2 myocardial-like cells that were in vitro.

• Throughout the study period mgf and IGF-1Ea expressions increased significantly at the translational and transcriptional levels, particularly during the post-infarction period at 4-8 weeks.

• The measurements of IGF-1 serum levels in the rats decreased in the 24 hour to one week period, but then did not change in the later portions of the experiment when they were compared with sham-operated control rats.

• The specific anti-IGF-1r neutralizing antibodies during this period failed to block synthetic mgf-E particles and did not activate the Akt phosphorylation, but groups exposed to ERK1/2 did.

The summary of this data leads researchers to believe that the expression of IGF-1 during myocardial repair is essential. It also leads researchers to believe that the presence of synthetic mgf-E peptides could be mediated using an IGF-1R independent pathway, as was expressed in the in-vitro experiments focusing on the rat myocardial cells.

Continuing research is necessary to determine how mgf varies from other naturally occurring peptides as well as how to naturally stimulate this chemical in animals.

Sources:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579301028253

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656994/

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GnRH refers to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone which may also be known as the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone or LHRH. This is a trophic peptide hormone that is used as a follicle stimulator as well as a lutenizing hormone within the anterior pituitary.

In a natural setting, GnRH is synthesized and then released from the neurons of the hypothalamus. When experimenting with mammal subjects, such as rhesus monkeys, the product is synthesized from the 92-amino acid known as preprohoromne that is located in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus.

Study Related to Ovulation

Studies in He de France and Suffolk focused on how GnRH was secreted prior to ovulation in ewe.

• Previous studies established that physiological estradiol is accompanied by a sustained and significant surge of GnRH. However, these studies did not determine the consistency of this effect during a preovulatory LH surge.

• To better understand these effects, a group of ewe were gathered during their preovulatory period for further study. Jugular blood samples were taken in intervals throughout a 48 hour period. These ewes were examined during the follicular or luteal phases.

• Results showed that during the follicular phase, there was a significant increase of GnRH secretions, particularly before the surge of LH. The surges of GnRH were nearly 40x greater and lasted significantly longer than the LH surges. No ewes showed evidence of a GnRH surge during the LH surge or in the blood samples collected in the postmortem inspection of the pituitary portal vessels.

• Additionally, the pulse frequency during the GnRH surge was larger than the surge during the luteal phase. During the follicular phase the pulse frequency of GnRH increased again while the amplitude decreased as the surge continued to approach.

The results of this study help to demonstrate the GnRH secretions that occur prior to ovulation in the ewe. These secretions are dynamic in nature, starting off as slow pulses throughout the luteal phase and increasing in frequency throughout the follicular phase before culminating in a surge of GnRH.

Evidence for Pulsatile Release of GnRH

GnRH levels in rhesus monkeys were measured throughout a study to better determine the release patterns of this chemical in a natural setting.

• The portal blood from the hypothalamic-pituitary stalk was collected from female rhesus monkeys by cutting at the diaphragm sellae. This blood was continuously obtained for half hour intervals throughout the nine hour period with a constant exfusion pump.

• The GnRH fluctuations in the blood increased most prominently in those that were ovariectomized with peaks occurring every 1-3 hours.

• Three monkeys were administered estradiol at 1000 ng via IV to determine if this would have an impact on the decreasing the GnRH levels in these animals. Over the next two hours, there would be no decrease in the GnRH levels present in the monkeys.

The results of this study fail to provide any direct evidence for hypothalamic meditation within the pituitary LH pulsatile release. Additional study is required to better understand the workings of this cycle in primate subjects.

The ongoing study of the natural effects of GnRH will better assist scientists with creating a proper synthetic solution of this chemical.

Sources:

http://endo.endojournals.org/content/99/1/243.short

http://endo.endojournals.org/content/129/3/1175.short

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